Asociación entre la Arquitectura Muscular y el Índice de Calidad Muscular en Adultos Sedentarios / Association Between Muscle Architecture and Muscle Quality Index in Sedentary Adults

La evaluación de la calidad y la arquitectura muscular son importantes para comprender y cuantificar los cambios musculares asociados con el envejecimiento y el estilo de vida sedentario, además nos facilita información de la capacidad del músculo para generar fuerza, potencia o funcionalidad. los objetivos del estudio fueron (I) determinar la asociación entre los parámetros de la arquitectura muscular y el índice de calidad muscular (MQI) y (II) determinar la asociación entre los parámetros de la arquitectura muscular y la potencia media relativa del sit to stand test (STS). Únicamente el grosor muscular (MT) mostró una asociación moderada con el MQI (r = 0,545). En contraste, tanto la longitud del fascículo (FL) como el ángulo de penación (PA) exhibieron asociaciones "muy bajas", las cuales no resultaron significativas con el MQI. Al examinar la relación de los parámetros de la arquitectura muscular con la potencia media relativa de STS, MT presentó una asociación "moderada" (r = 0,444). Sin embargo, tanto FL como PA mostraron asociaciones "muy bajas" y "bajas", respectivamente, con la potencia media relativa al STS. En conclusión, estos hallazgos refuerzan la idea de que MT puede ser un indicador relevante de la calidad muscular y la capacidad de generar potencia en la prueba de STS. Específicamente, se observó que un aumento en MT estaba asociado con una mejora en MQI y la potencia media relativa de STS.

SUMMARY: Assessment of muscle quality and architecture is important for understanding and quantifying muscle changes associated with aging and a sedentary lifestyle and provides information on the muscle's ability to generate strength, power, or function. The aims of the study were (I) to determine the association between muscle architecture parameters and muscle quality index (MQI) and (II) to determine the association between muscle architecture parameters and mean relative power in the sit-to-stand test (STS). Only muscle thickness (MT) showed a moderate association with MQI (r = 0.545). In contrast, both fascicle length (FL) and penile angle (PA) exhibited "very low" associations, which were not significant with the MQI. When examining the relationship between muscle architecture parameters and mean relative STS power, MT presented a "moderate" association (r = 0.444). However, both LF and PA showed "very low" and "low" associations, respectively, with a mean power relative to STS. In conclusion, these findings reinforce the idea that MT may be a relevant indicator of muscle quality and ability to generate power in the STS test. Specifically, an increase in MT was associated with an improvement in MQI and mean power relative to STS.

Relationship of speed and unilateral vertical jump performance of basketball athletes / Relação entre a velocidade e desempenho de salto vertical unilateral de atletas de basquetebol

Abstract Basketball is a sport practiced around the world in this way, performances tests especially with low-cost and accessible are suggested to adjust the training. The 00aim of present study was to evaluate and correlate the speed and jump performance of lower limbs of basketball athletes from the Praia Grande, city of São Paulo, Brazil. Twelve male athletes (6.92 ± 2.57 years of pratice) from the Basketball team of Praia Grande City, aged 18.7 ± 0.6 years, height 1.85 ± 0.06, body mass 83.66 ± 10.16 kg were evaluated. The athletes were submitted to test sessions using the protocol for evaluating the maximum speed of 20 meters and the unilateral vertical jump. The speed on 20 meter test was 3.53 ± 0.20 seconds. Although an asymmetry of 17.81 ± 14.64% was found, no statistical difference (p = 0.817) was found between the dominant (36.50 ± 7.36 cm) and non-dominant (35.92 ± 5.63 cm) of vertical jump performance. Additionally, correlation between 20-meter test and values jump was found to dominant leg (p = 0.042) but not to non-dominant leg (p = 0.704). In conclusion, although asymmetry was found between members of the dominant and non-dominant side of the pitch, did not show any difference in the vertical jump.

Resumo O basquete é um esporte praticado em todo o mundo, desta forma, testes de desempenho principalmente com baixo custo e acessíveis são sugeridos para adequar o treinamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e correlacionar a velocidade e o desempenho de salto de membros inferiores de atletas de basquetebol da cidade da Praia Grande, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram avaliados 12 atletas do sexo masculino (6,92 ± 2,57 anos de prática) da equipe de Basquetebol da Cidade de Praia Grande, com idade 18,7 ± 0,6 anos, estatura 1,85 ± 0,06, massa corporal 83,66 ± 10,16 kg. Os atletas foram submetidos a sessões de testes utilizando o protocolo de avaliação da velocidade máxima de 20 metros e do salto vertical unilateral. A velocidade no teste de 20 metros foi de 3,53 ± 0,20 segundos. Embora tenha sido encontrada uma assimetria de 17,81 ± 14,64%, não foi encontrada diferença estatística (p = 0,817) entre o desempenho do salto vertical dominante (36,50 ± 7,36 cm) e não dominante (35,92 ± 5,63 cm). Além disso, foi encontrada correlação entre o teste de 20 metros e os valores de salto para perna dominante (p = 0,042), mas não para perna não dominante (p = 0,704). Em conclusão, embora tenha sido encontrada assimetria entre membros do lado dominante e não dominante do campo, não houve diferença no salto vertical

Functional muscular transfer of lateral femoral muscle superficial region in emergency reconstruction of traumatic defects of dynamical muscle: A report of preliminary clinical study / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective:To explore the feasibility and clinical effect of emergency lateral thigh muscle transfer in functional reconstruction of major traumatic muscle defects.Methods:Emergency surgeries for 8 patients(7 males and 1 female) with muscle defects were carried out subject to emergently reconstruct the power of lateral femoral muscle superficial region, between March 2020 and December 2021, in the Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery Hospital, Xi'an Fengcheng Hospital. The 8 patients were 23 to 52 years old with an average of 37.6 years old. Five patients injured by machine crush, 2 by heavy object crush and 1 by traffic accident. Five patients were in Gustilo III B injury in forearm, including 2 with flexor muscle group defects, 2 with extensor muscle group defects and 1 with defect of dorsal metacarpal flexor muscle and extensor muscle. Among the 5 patients, 2 patients had the defects in left forearm and 3 in right forearm. One patient had defect of right 1st metacarpal bone and skin and thenar muscle. One patient suffered a complete right upper arm detachment with musculocutaneous nerve being drawn out from the bicipital muscle. One patient had Gustilo III C injury in the right calf with defects of extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum. The areas of soft tissue defect were 10.0 cm×8.0 cm-36.0 cm×11.0 cm and the size of flaps was 12.0 cm×6.0 cm-38.0 cm×12.0 cm with the volumes of excised muscle at 18.0 cm×9.0 cm×1.5 cm-10.0 cm×2.0 cm×1.0 cm. The anatomical cross-section and length of the corresponding muscle on the healthy side were measured by musculoskeletal ultrasound. The chimeric tissue flap was designed on the anterolateral side of the thigh. The flap was designed according to the size of the wound and the corresponding flap. Then 1 or 2 muscle tissue blocks were designed and cut from the superficial region of the lateral femoral muscle according to the condition of the muscle defect, to cover the wound and reconstruct the muscle power. Postoperative follow-ups were conducted by scheduled hospital visit. The contents of follow-up included dynamic observation, evaluation and record through musculoskeletal ultrasound, electromyography and strength of muscle.Results:For the 8 patients who were subject to a muscle reconstruction, the transferred muscles and flaps survived in stage-one without vascular event. Postoperative follow-ups lasted for 10 to 32 months with an average of 19.6 months. The strength of muscle was evaluated according to the M 4 strength of muscle. Strength of muscle restored to M 4 or above in 7 patients who could lift, hook or push a heavy object in 5-30 kg of weight, with free joint movement. One patient restored the strength of muscle to M 3+. Muscle contraction was detected 2-4 months after surgery by musculoskeletal B ultrasound. The average ratio of contraction to resting cross sectional area in 5 cases was 1.45±0.42. The shape of limb was bilaterally symmetrical. There was no discomfort in the donor site and knee joint. The flaps were soft and glossy, with protective sensation restored. Conclusion:Muscle transfer from the lateral femoral muscle superficial region in emergency surgery for functional reconstruction of traumatic muscle defects is feasible and effective with a good clinical effect.

Effects of eccentric exercise on muscle architecture in adults: a systematic review / Efectos del ejercicio excéntrico en la arquitectura muscular en adultos: una revisión sistemática

SUMMARY: The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effects of eccentric training on muscle architecture in the adult population. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements were followed using keywords associated with architecture muscular and eccentric training. Four databases were used: PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. A total of 1260 articles were retrieved, 18 included in this review. The parameters most frequently evaluated in the studies consulted were pennation angle (PA), fascicle length (FL), and muscle thickness (MT). These were assessed mainly in lower limb muscles such as biceps femoris long head (BFlh), vastus lateralis (VL), medial gastrocnemius (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG), respectively. Eccentric training for at least four weeks generates adaptations in these parameters, mainly by increasing MT with FL and decreasing PA, determining muscle function. These results provide evidence on the effects of eccentric training on muscle architecture, which could be helpful to prevent injuries and favor muscle recovery processes.

RESUMEN: El propósito de esta revisión sistemática fue determinar los efectos del entrenamiento excéntrico sobre la arquitectura muscular en la población adulta. Se siguieron las recomendaciones del Ìtems de referencia para publicar Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis (PRISMA) utilizando palabras clave asociadas con la arquitectura muscular y el entrenamiento excéntrico en cuatro bases de datos: PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus y Web of Science. La calidad metodológica se evaluó mediante la escala PEDro. Se encontró un total de 1260 artículos, del los cuales, 18 fueron incluidos en esta revisión. Los parámetros más frecuentemente evaluados en los estudios fueron el ángulo de penación (AP), la longitud del fascículo (LF) y el grosor muscular (Gm). Estos fueron evaluados principalmente en músculos de los miembros inferiores como la cabeza larga del bíceps femoral (CLBf), el vasto lateral (VL), el gastrocnemio medial (GM) y el gastrocnemio lateral (GL), respectivamente. El entrenamiento excéntrico durante al menos cuatro semanas genera adaptaciones en estos parámetros, principalmente aumentando el GM con la LF y disminuyendo el AP, determinando de esta manera la función muscular. Estos resultados aportan evidencias sobre los efectos del entrenamiento excéntrico en la arquitectura muscular, que podrían ser útiles para prevenir lesiones y favorecer los procesos de recuperación muscular.

Effects of short-term strength training on body composition, muscle strength and functional capacity of elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Efeitos do treinamento de força de curta duração sobre a composição corporal, a força muscular e a capacidade funcional de idosos: revisão sistemática e meta-análise

To examine the effects of short-term strength training (STST) on different manifestations of muscle strength in the lower limbs, functional capacity and body composition of people 65 years old or older. We searched the electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane) to identify all publications using STST (up to 12 weeks) in people aged 65 or older, published in the last five years, prior to May 2018. Results were analyzed as continuous data using random effects to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI). 28 studies with 921 subjects met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. These works were grouped into three categories for analysis: Muscular Strength, Functional Capacity and Body Composition. In Muscular Strength category, the overall pooled effect estimate was 0.95 (95%CI: 0.63; 1.26), with a significant STST effect (Z= 5.93; p<0.001), over the different strength manifestations analyzed. In Functional Capacity category, the STST decreased the Time Up-and-Go test run time (SMD: -1.01; 95%CI: -1.56; -0.47) and increased the repetitions' number performed in 30-s chair-stand test (SMD: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.79, 1.34). In Body Composition category, the overall pooled effect estimate was 0.13 (95%CI: -0.16; 0.42), without finding a significant effect of STST (Z= 0.87; p= 0.38). STST has a moderate to large effect in improving the different manifestations of muscle strength and functional capacity. However, this type of intervention has no effect on body composition.

Examinar os efeitos do treinamento de força de curta duração (TFCD) em diferentes manifestações de força muscular nos membros inferiores, capacidade funcional e composição corporal de pessoas maiores de 65 anos. Foram pesquisadas bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed, Web of Science e Cochrane) para identificar todas as publicações utilizando TFCD (até 12 semanas) em pessoas maiores de 65 anos, publicadas nos últimos cinco anos, antes de maio de 2018. Os resultados foram analisados como dados contínuos usando efeitos aleatórios para calcular a diferença padronizada da média (SMD) e o intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). 28 estudos com 921 sujeitos preencheram os critérios de inclusão e foram analisados. Esses trabalhos foram agrupados em três categorias para análise: Força Muscular, Capacidade Funcional e Composição Corporal. Na categoria Força Muscular, a estimativa geral do efeito combinado foi de 0,95 (95% CI: 0,63; 1,26), com um efeito significativo do TFCD (Z = 5,93; p <0,001), sobre as diferentes manifestações de força analisadas. Na categoria Capacidade Funcional, o TFCD diminuiu o tempo de execução do teste Timed Up-and-Go (SMD: -1.01; 95% CI: -1.56; -0.47) e aumentou o número de repetições realizadas no teste de levantar e sentar na cadeira de 30 segundos (SMD: 1,07, IC 95%: 0,79, 1,34). Na categoria de Composição Corporal, a estimativa geral do efeito combinado foi de 0,13 (IC 95%: -0,16; 0,42), sem encontrar efeito significativo do TFCD (Z = 0,87; p = 0,38). O TFCD apresenta efeito moderado a grande na melhora das diferentes manifestações de força muscular e capacidade funcional. No entanto, este tipo de intervenção não tem efeito sobre a composição corporal.

Impact of driving duration on hand muscle strength in people who commute for work

Background: Urbanization has brought a lot of health issues in the citizens. Commuting for work has become more common. People around the world use different means of commute like public transport or driving a car to work. The increase in time of commute may be associated with many health hazards. In this study we try to study the impact of driving duration on hand muscle power.Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. About 32 persons who drive car for their work participated in this study after giving their consent. Subjects grouped in to two categories long commuters, who drive for greater or equal to one hour and short commuters less than one hour. Muscle power tested on two occasions immediately after driving and four hour after driving with a help of hand grip dynamometer. Demographic details were collected. The two groups compared for muscle power and body mass index (BMI).Results: The long commuters had less muscle power in comparison with short commuters and it was significant. The average BMI of long commuters was in obesity range were as the average BMI of short commuter is less and it was statistically significant.Conclusions: Driving for greater than one hour is associated with obesity and reduced muscle power immediately after driving.

Correlations between the strength of knee extensor and flexor muscles and jump performance in volleyball players: a review / Relação entre a força dos músculos extensores e flexores de joelho e o desempenho de saltos em jogadores de voleibol: uma revisão

ABSTRACT Jump tests and isokinetic dynamometer assessments are widely used in sports to identify parameters of strength and power development. Understanding the relationship between these variables can help in the selection of more specific parameters to assess the strength of knee joint muscles on isokinetic dynamometer in volleyball players. The objective of this literature review was to summarize studies that have analyzed the relationship between performance in jump tests with strength generation capacity in knee isokinetic dynamometry assessments among volleyball players, besides investigating whether muscle imbalances of the knee joint can interfere with jump performance. The reviewed studies resulted from a search on PubMed and Scielo databases. A total of 106 articles were found, 6 of which were used for final analysis. The capacity to generate strength in knee isokinetic dynamometry assessments correlates with jump performance. Strength imbalances from one limb to another do not seem to interfere with jump performance. Strength imbalances between knee flexors and extensors may be related to the functionality of volleyball players.

RESUMO Os testes de saltos e as avaliações no dinamômetro isocinético são amplamente utilizados no esporte para a identificação dos parâmetros de desenvolvimento de força e potência. A compreensão da relação entre essas variáveis pode auxiliar nas escolhas de parâmetros mais específicos na avaliação da força dos músculos da articulação do joelho no dinamômetro isocinético para os jogadores de voleibol. O objetivo da presente revisão de literatura foi reunir estudos que analisaram as relações entre o desempenho dos testes de saltos com a capacidade de geração de força em avaliações de dinamometria isocinética de joelho em jogadores de voleibol, além de investigar se os desequilíbrios musculares da articulação do joelho podem interferir no desempenho dos saltos. Os estudos revisados são provenientes da busca realizada nas bases de dados PubMed e Scielo. Foram encontrados 106 artigos dos quais 6 artigos foram utilizados para a análise final. A capacidade de gerar força nas avaliações de dinamometria isocinética de joelho é relacionada com o desempenho de salto. Os desequilíbrios de força de um membro para outro parecem não interferir no desempenho dos saltos. Os desquilíbrios de força entre os flexores e extensores de joelho podem ter relação com a funcionalidade dos jogadores de voleibol.

Acute effects of caffeine intake on athletic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis / Efectos agudos de la ingesta de cafeína en el rendimiento atlético: Una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis

ABSTRACT Objective: Our objective was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature assessing the effect of caffeine on athletic performance. Methods: A total of 13 studies published between 2010 and 2015 were included in the meta-analysis of the effects of caffeine on maximum running distance (2 studies), time trial performance (7 studies), and muscle power (4 studies). The effect sizes were calculated as standardized differences in means (std in means). Meta-analysis was completed using a random effects model. Results: Caffeine supplementation did not increase maximum running distance (effect size= 0.37, p= 0.14) and muscle power (effect size= 0.17, p= 0.36). However, improvements were observed in the time trial performance (effect size= −0.40, p< 0.01). Subgroup analyses revealed that the improvement in time trial results may be related to the use of the 6 mg/kg of body weight of caffeine dose (effect size= −0.45, p= 0.01). Conclusion: Our meta-analysis showed that caffeine intake does not improve performance in maximum running distance and muscle power, but it seems to improve time trial performance. The effect of caffeine on time trial performance related to dose.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis de la literatura de investigación que evalúa el efecto de la cafeína en el rendimiento atlético. Método: Un total de 13 estudios publicados entre 2010 y 2015 fueron incluidos en el meta-análisis de los efectos de la cafeína sobre la distancia máxima de carrera (2 estudios), el tiempo de prueba (7 estudios) y la potencia muscular (4 estudios). Los tamaños del efecto se calcularon como diferencias estandarizadas en las medias (std en los medias), y el meta-análisis se completó utilizando un modelo de efectos aleatorios. Resultados: La suplementación con cafeína no aumentó la distancia máxima de funcionamiento (tamaño del efecto= 0.37, p= 0.14) ni la potencia muscular (tamaño del efecto= 0.17, p= 0.36). Sin embargo, se observaron mejoras en el rendimiento del ensayo con tiempo (tamaño del efecto= −0.40, p< 0,01). Los análisis de subgrupos revelaron que la mejora en los resultados de los ensayos a tiempo podía estar relacionada con el uso de la dosis de 6 mg/kg de peso corporal de cafeína (tamaño del efecto= −0.45, p = 0.01). Conclusiones: El meta-análisis demostró que la ingesta de cafeína no mejora el rendimiento en la distancia máxima de carrera ni la potencia muscular, pero parece mejorar el rendimiento de la prueba de tiempo. Este efecto potencial de la cafeína en el rendimiento de la prueba de tiempo estuvo relacionado con la dosis.

Avaliação da intensidade do treinamento técnico-tático e da fadiga causada em jogadores de futebol da categoria sub-20 / Intensity and fatigue assessment of technical-tactical training caused in u-20 soccer players

Resumo Visto que o calendário atual do futebol não disponibiliza um tempo hábil para a devida recuperação dos atletas, fadiga e recuperação têm sido amplamente estudadas por pesquisadores. O que levou ao surgimento de alguns instrumentos com o propósito de fornecer informações e dar suporte aos profissionais visando a alta performance. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a intensidade do Treinamento Técnico-tático e a fadiga causada em jogadores de futebol da categoria sub-20, através do desempenho em testes de salto vertical e horizontal e da percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão (PSE da sessão). Os jogadores (n = 25) realizaram o salto vertical contra movimento (SCM) e horizontal (SH), antes e após a uma sessão de Treinamento Técnico-tático (TTT), sendo a intensidade avaliada pela Escala de Borg (CR 10). O SCM não apresentou diferença significativa (p > 0,05), enquanto que o SH foi maior no Pós-TTT em relação ao Pré-TTT (p = 0,02). Quanto a PSE da sessão, 92% dos jogadores classificaram a intensidade do TTT como sendo de fácil à moderada. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o TTT de baixa intensidade não compromete a potência nos testes de salto vertical e horizontal. Sugere-se que além de proporcionar a operacionalização dos padrões de comportamento táticos coletivos, o TTT de baixa intensidade possa ser utilizado em treinamentos de caráter regenerativo ou em momentos que o calendário esportivo não possibilite a recuperação completa dos jogadores.(AU)

Abstract Since the current soccer calendar does not provide a timely fashion for proper recovery of athletes, fatigue and recovery have been extensively studied by researchers. What led to the emergence of some instruments for the purpose of provide information and give support to the professionals seeking high performance. The aim of this study was to analyze the intensity of technical-tactical training and fatigue caused in U20 soccer players, through the performance in the lower limbs and session RPE. Players (n = 25) performed the countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) and horizontal (HJ), before and after a technical-tactical training session (TTT), with the intensity being measured by Borg Scale (CR 10). The CMJ did not show significant difference (p > 0.05), whereas HJ was higher in the post-TTT compared to pre-TTT (p = 0.02). As for session RPE, 92% of players rated the intensity of the TTT as easy to moderate. The results of this study indicate that TTT low intensity does not compromise the power in testing vertical and horizontal jump. It is suggested that besides providing an operationalization of tactical patterns of collective behavior, TTT low intensity training can be used in regenerative or character moments in the sports calendar does not enable complete recovery of players.(AU)

Rate of force development and torque production assessment in spastic stroke survivors / Avaliação da taxa de produção de força e torque em indivíduos com espasticidade pós-avc

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the rate of force development (RFD) and maximum torque in spastic stroke survivors and healthy individuals. Fifteen stroke survivors (57.3 ± 11.2 years) with ankle spasticity and fifteen healthy individuals (59.3 ± 6.4 years) participated in this study. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) and RFD assessment of plantar flexors muscles of ankle, which the individuals were instructed to produce maximum torque as fast as possible. The absolute RFD was normalized by MVC (relative RFD). In results were observed significant differences in RFD of affected limb (43.3 ± 8.5 Nm/s) and unaffected limb (98.9 ± 20.4 Nm/s) compared to healthy (186.2 ± 25.2 Nm/s), but with no differences between affected and unaffected limbs (p=0.15). In relation to relative RFD, the affected limb (9.76 ± 1.1 %MVC/s) was significant different than healthy (13.08 ± 1.5 %MVC/s). The MVC produced by affected limb (46.55 ± 7.98 Nm) was significant lower than unaffected limb (84.29 ± 8.47 Nm) and, the two limbs of stroke survivors were weakness than healthy individuals (128.02 ± 9.36 Nm). Lastly, the spasticity level present higher negative correlation in relation to RFD (R= -0.725; p= 0.002) and MVC (R= -0.717; p=0.003). The spasticity promotes alterations in capacity to produce maximum force and fast force in affected and unaffected limbs of stroke survivors compared to healthy.

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar a taxa de produção de força (TPF) e o torque máximo em indivíduos com espasticidade e saudáveis. Participaram do estudo 15 sujeitos pós-AVC (57,3 ± 11,2 anos) com espasticidade de tornozelo e 15 sujeitos saudáveis (59,0 ± 6,4 anos). Um dinamômetro isocinético foi utilizado para a avaliação da contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CVM) e da TPF dos flexores plantares do tornozelo, na qual os participantes foram instruídos a produzir força máxima o mais rápido possível. A TPF absoluta também foi normalizada pela CVM (TPF relativa). Como resultados, foram encontradas diferenças significativas na TPF absoluta do lado afetado (43,3 ± 8,5 Nm/s) e não afetado (98,9 ± 20,4 Nm/s) quando comparados com os saudáveis (186,2 ± 25,2 Nm/s), porém sem diferenças entre os membros espásticos (p=0,15). Em relação a TPF relativa, apenas o lado afetado (9,76 ± 1,1 %CVM/s) apresentou diferença em relação aos saudáveis (13,08 ± 1,5 %CVM/s). A CVM produzida pelo lado afetado (46,55 ± 7,98 Nm) foi significativamente menor quando comparado ao lado não afetado (84,29 ± 8,47 Nm) e, os dois lados foram mais fracos em comparação aos indivíduos saudáveis (128,02 ± 9,36 Nm). Por fim, o nível de espasticidade apresentou alta correlação negativa em relação a TPF (R= -0,725; p= 0,002) e a CVM (R= -0,717; p=0,003). A espasticidade gera alterações na capacidade de produzir força máxima e rápida tanto no membro afetado quanto no não afetado em indivíduos que tiveram AVC em relação a indivíduos saudáveis.

Impact of acute static-stretching on the optimal height in drop jumps / Impacto agudo do alongamento estático sobre a altura ideal de queda no salto em profundidade / Impacto agudo del estiramiento estático sobre la altura óptima de caída en el salto en profundidad

This study analyzed the effect of static stretching on performance during drop jumps. Furthermore, we investigated if a reduction in drop height would compensate the stretching-caused alterations. Ten physically active male subjects performed drop jumps at four different drop heights without static stretching for the optimal drop height determination. After, they performed drop jumps on two drop heights with static stretching previously. The jump height, contact time and reactive strength index were significantly affected by static stretching. However, only the contact time was significantly improved by the reduction in drop height with previous static stretching. Our results suggest that the decrement in performance after static stretching could be partially compensated by a reduction in drop height, which decreases the contact time near a non-stretching jump condition. This can be explained by the lower landing velocity and, possibly, the smaller reduction in the activation of the plantar flexors muscles. In conclusion, the reduction in drop height seems to be interesting after a static stretching session, aiming to expose the athletes to lower impact forces to maintain jump performance.

O presente estudo analisou o efeito do alongamento estático sobre o desempenho no salto em profundidade. Adicionalmente, foi investigada a redução na altura de queda poderia compensar as alterações causadas pelo alongamento prévio. Dez homens fisicamente ativos realizaram o salto em profundidade em quatro alturas de queda diferentes sem alongamento estático prévio, para determinação da altura de queda ideal, em duas alturas com o alongamento prévio. A altura de salto, o tempo de contato e o índice de força reativa foram significativamente afetados pelo alongamento estático. Contudo, apenas o tempo de contato foi significativamente melhorado com a redução na altura de queda do salto após o alongamento. Nossos resultados sugerem que a diminuição no desempenho após o alongamento pode ser parcialmente compensada com uma redução na altura de queda, diminuindo o tempo de contato para valores próximos ao salto sem alongamento prévio. Isso pode ser explicado pelo menor velocidade de aterrissagem e, possivelmente, pela menor redução na ativação dos músculos flexores plantares. Assim, a diminuição na altura de queda parece ser interessante após a realização do alongamento estático, visando submeter os atletas a menores forças de impacto e manter o desempenho do salto.

En este estudio se analizó el efecto del estiramiento estático sobre el rendimiento en saltos en profundidad. Además, se investigó si una reducción de la altura de caída compensaría las alteraciones causadas por el estiramiento previo. Diez hombres físicamente activos realizaron el salto en profundidad en cuatro alturas diferentes de caída sin estiramiento estático, para la determinación de la altura de caída óptima y en dos alturas con el estiramiento estático previo. La altura del salto, el tiempo de contacto y el índice de fuerza reactiva fueron afectados significativamente por el estiramiento estático. Sin embargo, sólo el tiempo de contacto mejoró significativamente por la reducción de la altura de caída del salto, después del estiramiento. Nuestros resultados sugieren quela disminución en el rendimiento después del estiramiento estático, podría ser parcialmente compensada con una reducción en la altura de caída, disminuyendo el tiempo de contacto para valores próximos al del salto sin estiramiento previo. Esto se puede explicar por la menor velocidad de aterrizaje y, posiblemente, por la menor reducción en la activación de los músculos flexores plantares. En conclusión, la reducción de la altura de caída parece ser interesante después de realizar una sesión de estiramientos estáticos, con el objetivo de someter a los atletas a menores fuerzas de impacto y mantener el rendimiento en el salto.

Efeito agudo de exercícios de alongamento estático e dinâmico na impulsão vertical de jogadores de futebol / Acute effects of static versus dynamic stretching on the vertical jump performance of soccer players

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o efeito agudo dos exercícios de alongamento estático e do alongamento dinâmico na impulsão vertical e amplitude do movimento de 22 jogadores de futebol profissional do sexo masculino. Observou-se que após a intervenção do alongamento dinâmico, o grupo experimental (n=13) apresentou um aumento significativo na impulsão vertical (p=0,002), enquanto que após o alongamento estático, não houve alteração significativa (p=0,343), assim como na condição sem alongamento (p>0,05). Com relação aos níveis de amplitude de movimento (n=13), não houve diferenças significativas no sentar e alcançar (p=0,263) nas três condições analisadas: alongamento estático, dinâmico e controle. Os resultados sugerem que o alongamento dinâmico é o mais indicado para ser realizado antes de atividades que exijam potência muscular, entretanto as intervenções propostas neste estudo não evidenciaram aumento na amplitude de movimento.

This study aimed to compare the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching exercises on the vertical jump performance and range of motion of 22 male professional soccer players. After the dynamic stretching intervention, the experimental group (n=13) showed a significant increase in vertical jump performance (p=0,002), but no significant changes were observed after static stretching (p=0,343) as well as after tests without stretching intervention (p>0,05). Regarding range of motion (n=13), there were no significant differences in the sit and reach (p=0,263) under the three conditions examined: static stretching, dynamic stretching, and control (no stretching). These results suggest that dynamic stretching is the most suitable type of stretching to perform before warm-up routines that require muscle power. However, none of the interventions proposed in this study resulted in an increase in range of motion.

O alongamento estático aumenta a amplitude de movimento sem prejudicar o desempenho de saltos verticais sucessivos / Static stretching enhances range of motion without interfering with successive vertical jumps

O objetivo foi verificar o efeito agudo de 2x30s de alongamento estático na musculatura posterior de membros inferiores sobre a amplitude de movimento (ADM) e altura do salto com contra movimento. Doze voluntários foram submetidos aleatoriamente às condições de alongamento e controle em ocasiões diferentes. A altura do salto foi obtida por meio de um tapete de contato, imediatamente após 3, 6 e 9 min depois de cada condição. A ADM foi medida pelo método de fotogrametria realizada antes, imediatamente e 9 min após cada condição. A ANOVA a dois caminhos com medidas repetidas não encontrou diferença significativa na altura do salto em qualquer dos momentos testados. Entretanto, o teste post hoc de Bonferroni mostrou aumento significativo na ADM apenas imediatamente após a realização do alongamento. Concluiu-se que rotinas reduzidas de alongamento estático não interferem no desempenho do salto, além de aumentarem significativamente de forma aguda a ADM.

The purpose of the study was to observe the acute effect of static stretching of lower limbs muscles on the range of motion (ROM) and on the countermovement jump performance. Twelve adult males were randomly subjected to a stretching and a non-stretching condition on separate occasions. Jump height was determined using an electronic contact mat after jumps performed immediately post and 3, 6 and 9 min after either stretching or control conditions. The ROM was determined by digital photogrammetry method at pre, immediately post and 9 min after different conditions. A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures evidenced no significant differences in jump height for all time measurements. Nevertheless, Bonferroni post-hoc test showed a significant increase in ROM only immediately after the stretching routine. It was concluded that a short volume of static stretching does not impair the jump performance, although it has a sufficient magnitude to significantly improve the ROM in an acute form.

Indices fisiológicos e neuromusculares determinantes da performance de corredores velocistas e meio-fundistas / Physiological and neuromuscular indices to determine performance of sprinters and middle distance runners / Índices fisiológicos y neuromusculares determinantes del rendimiento de corredores velocistas y de medio fondo

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar índices fisiológicos e neuromusculares de corredores e predizer a performance dos mesmos. Treze velocistas (VEL) e 11 meio-fundistas (MF) realizaram as seguintes avaliações: 1) performance nos 400 (P400) e 800 m (P800) e pico de lactato (LACmax); 2) determinação do VO2max, velocidade do VO2max (vVO2max) e do LAn (vLAn); 3) tempo limite; 4) máximo déficit acumulado de oxigênio (MAOD) e 5) counter movement jump (CMJ). Os VEL apresentaram maior MAOD, tempo de pico de lactato, altura e velocidade no CMJ. O VO 2max, vVO2max e vLAn foram maiores nos MF. Conclui-se que os VEL possuem maior capacidade anaeróbia e que os MF apresentam maior aptidão aeróbia. A P400 foi determinada pela associação do LACmax, VO2max e CMJ, enquanto que o LACmax e vVO2max explicaram a P800.

The aim of this study was to compare physiological and neuromuscular indices of runners and predict their performance. Thirteen sprinters (SP) and 11 middle distance runners (MD) performed the following tests: 1) performance in 400 (P400) and 800 m (P800) and lactate peak (LACmax); 2) determination of VO2max, velocity at VO2max-vVO2max and velocity at LAn-vLAn; 3) time limit; 4) maximum accumulated oxygen deficit-MAOD; and 5) counter movement jump (CMJ). The SP showed higher values of MAOD, time of lactate peak, height and velocity at CMJ. VO2max, vVO2max and vLAn were higher for MD. It is concluded that SPR develop higher anaerobic capacity, and MD have a higher fitness aerobic level. The P400 was determined by the association of LACmax, VO2max and CMJ, while LACmax and vVO2max explained the P800.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar índices fisiológicos y neuromusculares de corredores y predecir el rendimiento de los mismos. Trece velocistas (VEL) y 11 corredores de medio fondo (MF) hicieron las siguientes evaluaciones: 1) performance en los 400m (P400) y 800 m (P800) y pico de lactato (LACmax); 2) determinación del VO2max, velocidad del VO2max (vVO2max) y del LAn (vLAn); 3) tiempo límite; 4) máximo déficit acumulado de oxígeno (MAOD); 5) counter movement jump (CMJ). Los VEL presentaron mayor MAOD, tiempo de pico de lactato, altura y velocidad en CMJ. El VO2max, vVO2max y vLAn fueron mayores para los MF. Se concluye que los VEL desarrollaran una mayor capacidad anaeróbica, y los MF presentaron un mejor condicionamiento aeróbico. El P400 se determinó por la asociación de LACmax, VO2max e CMJ, mientras el LACmax y vVO2max explicó el P800.

Effects of static acceleration training with a whole-body vibration machine in community-dwelling older adults / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 9 weeks of resistance training, with and without static acceleration training (AT), on participants' lower-limb muscle strength, power, and physical function. Healthy participants (19 men and 28 women), aged 65-75 years, were assigned to a static AT group (AT, n = 31) or a non-AT control group (C, n = 16). The AT group and the C group trained three times/week for 9 weeks. The AT group performed unloaded static AT and low-intensity aerobic activity. The C group performed dynamic weight-bearing resistance training without whole-body vibration and the same aerobic activity as the AT group. We collected and analyzed data from 45 participants (AT = 30, C = 15) who completed pre- and post-tests. There was no significant Group × Time interaction on any measurements of lower-limb muscle strength, power, or physical function. Significant time effects were observed in the following tests:isokinetic knee extensor and flexor peak torque, 5-time sit-to-stand, usual gait speed, timed up and go, standing time from a long sitting position, and sit and reach. All of these 7 variables showed positive changes. These results suggest that static AT is a suitable training method having approximately the same efficiency as conventional, weight-bearing, dynamic resistance training for improving lower-limb muscle strength and power, mobility, and flexibility in community-dwelling Japanese older adults.

Neuromuscular indices associated with 200- and 400-m sprint running performance / Índices neuromusculares associados com a performance de corredores velocistas em provas de 200 e 400 m rasos

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the neuromuscular indices with the 200- and 400-m sprint running performance. Fourteen federated sprinters took part in this study. The athletes performed the SJ, CMJ and CJ15s vertical jumps on a force platform to obtain the jump height variable. In addition, performance time in 20-m sprints and simulated 200- and 400-m races were measured. Multiple regression analyses (5% of significance) were used to determine variables associated with performance in the 200 m (P200) and 400 m (P400). Two models were generated to explain P200: the first to explain 56% of the P200 variability, using the variable CMJ alone; and the second to explain 68%, using the variables CMJ and sprints 20m. None of the neuromuscular variables analyzed were associated with performance in the 400 m. Therefore, we concluded that CMJ, which involves the elastic energy stored during the stretch-shortening cycle, is the main variable to predict P200.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as relações entre índices neuromusculares com a performance de corredores nas provas de 200 e 400 m. Quatorze velocistas federados fizeram parte deste estudo. Os atletas realizaram os saltos CMJ, SJ e CJ15s sobre uma plataforma de força, obtendo-se a variável altura de salto. Posteriormente, foi mensurado o tempo em sprints de 20 m e na simulação das provas de 200 e 400 m rasos. Utilizou-se análise de regressão múltipla (5% de significância) para determinar as variáveis preditoras da performance nos 200 (P200) e 400 m (P400). Dois modelos foram usados para predizer a P200: o primeiro explicando 56% da variabilidade da P200, usando somente a variável CMJ; e o segundo para explicar 68%, usando as variáveis CMJ e sprints 20m. Nenhuma das variáveis neuromusculares analisadas explicaram a P400. Assim, concluí-se que o CMJ, que envolve energia elástica armazenada durante o ciclo alongamento-encurtamento, é a principal variável preditora da P200.

THE OPTIMUM INTENSITY AND MODE OF COOLING DOWN PROCEDURES AFTER POST REPETITIVE INTERMITTENT HIGH-INTENSITY EXERCISE / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects derived from different modes of active cooling down procedures post repetitive intermittent high-intensity exercise. Seven Japanese male swimmers underwent repetitive 3 bouts of Wingate anaerobic tests on the 1^st day and another Wingate on the following 2^nd day. In each 3 intervals and post all the Wingate testing on the 2^nd day, the participants performed a cooling down randomly chosen from 3 different intensities of 10-min bike-riding and a 10-min static stretching. As to muscle power outputs and emotional conditions, the optimum cooling down intensities were observed at 80% ventilatoly threshold (VT) after the 1^st set and 60% VT level after the 2^nd set. Effective intensities of blood lactate removal rate were observed at 60% and 80% VT level. Thus, the optimum cooling down post repetitive intermittent high-intensity exercise could be dynamic bike-riding at 60% or 80% VT level.

The Effect of Meridian Massage on Muscle Power, ROM, and ADL in Persons with Cerebral Palsy / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study analyzed the effects of meridian massage on the muscle power, ROM, and ADL in persons with cerebral palsy. METHOD: A non-equivalent pre-test/post-test design was used. The data were collected from August to October, 2000 from 10 persons with cerebral palsy (a control group of 5 and an experimental group of 5). Muscle power was evaluated with the Brunnstrom-Dennen gravity test, ROM with a goniometer, and ADL with a self developed ADL scale. T-test, repeated measure ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. RESULT: The results are; 1. For muscle power, both time series group difference (F=10.66, p=0.000) and the total period group difference (F=72.67, p=0.000) were significant between the two groups. 2. ROM was not significantly different between the two groups. 3. For ADL, both time series group difference (F=7.09, p=0.001) and total period group difference (F=35.99, p=0.000) were significant between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study shows that Meridian massage is effective for muscle power, ROM, and ADL in persons with cerebral palsy Person. So it can be used to develope effective nursing programs to improve the function of motion of persons with cerebral palsy.

Capsular Imbrication and Bankart Repair in Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability : Effect of Subscapularis Tendon Division on Internal Rotator Strength and Shoulder Function / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: To evaluate the function of the shoulder and the effect of the division of the subscapularis tendon on the strength of the inter-nal rotator after capsular imbrication and Bankart repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January, 1996 to December, 2000, we reviewed thirty cases of traumatic anterior shoulder instability, which underwent capsular imbrication and Bankart repair. The follow up period was minimally one year. The clinical results were evaluated using the ASES (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons) score and the muscle power of the internal rotator as measured by a myometer. RESULTS: All cases showed satisfactory results; nineteen cases (63%) were excellent, and eleven cases (37%) were good. Mean value of ASES score increased from 78.6 (60-82) ponts to 94.5 (84-100) points. Mean value of the score increased was 16 (14-38) points. Postoperatively, the muscle power of the internal rotator compared with contralateral was increased in 12 cases (40%), decreased in 17 cases (57%), and was the same in one case (3%). There was no cases of deterioration of function, recurrence or requiring revision surgery. CONCLUSION: In capsular imbrication and Bankart repair, the division of the subscapularis tendon did not produce a significant adverse effect in the strength of the internal rotator. We believe that this is one of the useful treatment methods in traumatic anterior shoulder insta-bility, because it provides stability and a good range of motion.

Effects of Biofeedback Exercise Training in Hemiplegic Patients after Stroke / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of biofeedback exercise training on muscle activity and activities of daily livings (ADL) in hemiplegic patients. An experimental group consisting of 17 people, was given biofeedback exercise training for 30- 60 minutes per week for 5 weeks, while a control group consisting of 18 people, was given normal exercise with quasi-experimental design. RESULT: The results of the study show that biofeedback exercise is effective for improving muscle activity in hemiplegic patients, especially in the hemiplegic limbs. However, this study found no significant differences in ADL and IADL between the experimental and the control groups. It implies that ADL and IADL may not be improved for a short period of time, such as 5 weeks, for people with more than five years of hemiplegia. The study suggests that the effect of biofeedback exercise on ADL and IADL should be determined in hemiplegic patients in acute stage.